![]() ![]() LISP functions were defined using Church's lambda notation, extended with a label construct to allow recursive functions. The first high-level functional programming language, LISP, was developed in the late 1950s for the IBM 700/7000 series of scientific computers by John McCarthy while at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This forms the basis for statically-typed functional programming. Ĭhurch later developed a weaker system, the simply-typed lambda calculus, which extended the lambda calculus by assigning a type to all terms. An equivalent theoretical formulation, combinatory logic, was developed by Moses Schönfinkel and Haskell Curry in the 1920s and 1930s. Lambda calculus forms the basis of all functional programming languages. In 1937 Alan Turing proved that the lambda calculus and Turing machines are equivalent models of computation, showing that the lambda calculus is Turing complete. The lambda calculus, developed in the 1930s by Alonzo Church, is a formal system of computation built from function application. In addition, many other programming languages support programming in a functional style or have implemented features from functional programming, such as C++11, C#, Kotlin, Perl, PHP, Python, Go, Rust, Raku, Scala, and Java (since Java 8). Domain-specific declarative languages like SQL and Lex/ Yacc use some elements of functional programming, such as not allowing mutable values. Functional programming is also key to some languages that have found success in specific domains, like JavaScript in the Web, R in statistics, J, K and Q in financial analysis, and XQuery/ XSLT for XML. Functional programming has historically been less popular than imperative programming, but many functional languages are seeing use today in industry and education, including Common Lisp, Scheme, Clojure, Wolfram Language, Racket, Erlang, Elixir, OCaml, Haskell, and F#. įunctional programming has its roots in academia, evolving from the lambda calculus, a formal system of computation based only on functions. Proponents of purely functional programming claim that by restricting side effects, programs can have fewer bugs, be easier to debug and test, and be more suited to formal verification. This is in contrast with impure procedures, common in imperative programming, which can have side effects (such as modifying the program's state or taking input from a user). ![]() When a pure function is called with some given arguments, it will always return the same result, and cannot be affected by any mutable state or other side effects. This allows programs to be written in a declarative and composable style, where small functions are combined in a modular manner.įunctional programming is sometimes treated as synonymous with purely functional programming, a subset of functional programming which treats all functions as deterministic mathematical functions, or pure functions. In functional programming, functions are treated as first-class citizens, meaning that they can be bound to names (including local identifiers), passed as arguments, and returned from other functions, just as any other data type can. ![]() It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that map values to other values, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which update the running state of the program. In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. For subroutine-oriented programming, see Procedural programming.
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